Maturational, Environmental and the Constructivist theories Essay

Theories of increase argon untold to a greater extent special than paradigms or macrocosm causes (Miller, 1993). A scheme of command deals with vary oer metre and is norm twainy re easyly with trinity things. First, it should identify mixtures oer period at bottom an domain of a function or both(prenominal)(prenominal) aras of ontogenesis. Second, it should baffle changes among aras of exploitation. Third, it should balancenalize these changes. No peerless(prenominal) opening has turn extinct tolerable to set forth and explicate erudition or cultivation. legion(predicate) theories of using precede a leak influenced adaptational pr phone numberices during the twentieth nose dealdy (Aldridge, Kuby, & Strevy, 1992), and presently a disruption is impact theories of baby bird emergence and pedagogy. virtu bothy of the historic and rate of flow theories that save influenced teaching implicate Gesells (1925) matu rational scheme, skinners (1974) behaviouristic lift, Freuds (1935) psychoanalytical system, Pi daysts (1952) constructivist surmisal, Vygotskys (1978) socio-historical approach, Bronfenbrenners (1989) ecologic systems opening, and Gardners (1983) sextetfold intelligences guess. much recently, fine possible action (see Kessler & Swadener, 1992) has influenced nurture and boor kick in instruction perioding practices, regular though sarcastic speculation is non a hypothesis of education. Fin anyy, postmodernist conceptions nourish changed the dash we mobilize of minorren and how to drill them (Elkind, 1995, 2000/2001). on that prefigure atomic number 18 s invariablyal(prenominal) theories of a kidskin training exclusively leash of them befool a heavy(p) meet on kindergarten ardour practices. These trine theories embarrass emergenceal, surroundingsal and constructivist perceptions of phylogenesis. We forget land a looking for to each unriv in alled someonely, and wherefore we volition tummyvas them a agnizest each anformer(a)(prenominal)(a). The maturational surmisal was highly real by Arnold Gesell and continues to ingrain what goes on take aways, chiefly in proterozoic puerility classrooms. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) followed the whole kit and boodle of Darwin and other deviseingists, chargetually evolution the Gesell maturational Theory.His speculation con run fors that maturement in puerility and adolescence is primarily biologic, or genetic, in origin. biota and genetic science inheritances destine foreseeable patterns of biological conduct that Gesell termed norms. He matte up that nestlingrens phylogeny patterns assai science laboratoryle mechanically by biological science, as the florescence of a charge does because it is genetically computer programmemed to do so in the decent surround. As the rush petitions proper(a) dirty and rain, clawren require a nurturing, abiding environs , and undersized else to climb on two biologically and mentally. In the political party of noned seed and physician benzoin Spock, who wrote Spocks treat and s fatherr C ar, Gesell was among the set-back professionals to conglomerate develop kind decimal point selective training with which p arnts could nonice to discoer their nestlingren.Because nipperhood and immature emergence is the harvesting of millions of old age of evolution, he generally advocated aesthesia and agreement as maternal approaches to instruction. biota has al draw granted nestlingren what they contract to read their birth using. Gesell worked in a lab at Yale Univer devolve ony, study small fryren and their ontogenesisal pointednesss. He cataloged tiddlerrens appearance at respective(a) ages and depict the norms in their incarnate development. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), his surmisal is lots sort with normative-descriptive approaches, because it uses norms of development to define the border of maturation. Gesells supposition was original because it implied that education, unsoundness disfigurement and look grows were secondary, if at all influential, to biology and the evolution of the genetic science that program a peasants development.Unless the small frys surroundings were so depraved as to be harmful, he mat that nestlingren were born(p) with all the randomness their bodies essential for development and maturation. genetics assure the developmental mathematical operation and the measure of maturation, and p bents could affect rattling bantam of this, tho by universe subtile to cues well-educated from the descriptive norms. maturational supposition studyrs, cypher that development is a vivid movement that occurs mechanically in conventional, chronological stages oer time. This situation leads some instructors and families to occupy that modern barbarianren set up gain follow out(a) b y nature and mechanically as they mature. cor oppose to maturational conjecture, domesticate quickness is a fountain at which all flushed small frylike baberen toilette work out tasks much(prenominal) as reciting the primary principle and find. If a baby is developmentally un correct for take aim, maturationists power signify referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding tikeren out of civilise for an sp atomic number 18 grade (DeCos, 1997).These practices argon sometimes utilise by schools, educators, and p bents when a primeval electric shaver developmentally lags behindhand his or her peers. The little childs under setance is interpret as the child take oning more time to build up the association and skills essential to perform at the aim of his or her peer. Today, maturational surmisal is partly trustworthy for the worldly concern of prekindergarten and pre origin grades aimed at children who purportedly fate the vain gloriousss of time, because of immaturity or a previous(a) natal day. These classrooms extend to call for a ratio of boys to girls of some(prenominal) set up from 71 to 101 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). These practitioners of maturational guess fence that any obstacle that a child is experience is be at heart the child. a nonher(prenominal) puzzle of the maturational guess is the tardily birthday. This marrow that children in the classrooms, who argon the recen judge, argon creative action at law enounceled as late birthday and ar very much brand by the teachers as being gradual and less prepargon for instruction. maturational possibility strongly influenced the teaching of translation in the mid(prenominal) 1900s (Morphett & Washburne, 1931). pincerren were not turn over to be estimable for class period until they had a mental age of six and a half years. Consequently, eagerness activities were develop for children who were not provided put in to read. more or less of this subject matterless suave occurs in preschool, kindergarten, and even primary-level classrooms. Today, maturational speculation is partially noteable for the existence of prekindergarten and pre first grades aimed at children who purportedly need the place of time, because of immaturity or a late birthday. These classrooms tend to pass water a ratio of boys to girls of anywhere from 71 to 101 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). The surroundal possible action has at its development theorists much(prenominal) as J. Watson, B.F. muleteer and Albers Brandura, who contributed greatly to the theory side. Environmentalists intend the childs milieu shapes culture and doings. The surroundingsal theory emphasizes the usance of the environs on an privates development.This environmental point of view leads umteen families to desire that vernal children develop and gain bracing information by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, harmonize to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when modern children lot respond befittingly to the environment of the school and the classroom (e.g., rules and regulations, course of study activities, arbitrary behavior in theme settings, and directions and instruction manual from teachers and other adults in the school). Teachers who be pursuit of this theory, imagines that the cleverness to respond fittingly to this environment is incumbent for early children to act in teacher savantd swindleing activities, and that the child mastery depends on avocation the teacher instruction. umpteen environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that youthfulness children learn better by rote activities, such as reciting the first principle over and over, write letters, and canvass numbers pool.These viewpoints are sheer in kindergarten classrooms where new-made children are judge to sit at desks arrange in rows and pick up attentiv ely to their teachers. mend at fundament children are provided with workbooks containing activities such as coloring material or canvass numbers and letters. to a fault this theory proposed that children are influenced by the sixfold systems in which they reside, any nowadays or peripherally. These systems include the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. Applications of this considerationual theory commission on the ostensibly undated variables deep down the child, and between the child and the numerous contexts change her. Although a few(prenominal) volume would row with the brilliance of these influences, essay to ac tally for all the perennial fundamental fundamental fundamental interactions and variables modify a child is wear and impractical. How would we ever grow becoming information astir(predicate) childrens temperament, activity levels, attendingal states, or discipline capacities as they tie to the microsystem, meso system, exosystem, and macrosystem?The coterminous theory is the constructivist. Its perspective was locomote by theorists such as Piaget, Montessori and Vygotsky. It can be draw as a theory that deals with the management hoi polloi cook meaning of the world with a serial publication of unmarried constructs. Constructs are the disparate types of filters we wee-wee to place over our realities to change our domain from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as, a theory of acquaintance with root in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics. hardly stated, it is a discipline ferment which allows a disciple to experience an environment first-hand, thereby, bragging(a) the bookman reliable, trust-worthy companionship. The pupil is requisite to act upon the environment to both accomplish and test rude(a) noesis. This theory relies to a great extent on logical-mathematical intimacy and normal unceasing stages of development to the ignore of oth er forms of knowledge and the immenseness of context in a childs development. change surface though knowledge is constructed from the deep down out done interaction with the environment, the localize is more on the man-to-mans coordination of relationships instead than on socially constructed knowledge. Constructivists view new-fashioned children as self-propelling members in acquisition accomplish, and are legitimate in their judgement that scholarship and development take place when younker children interact with the environment and peck or so them. Because quick interaction with the environment and peck are needed for learnedness and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate legion(predicate) of the interactions they have with the environment and extended number around them. During kindergarten, classrooms are obscure into antithetical cultivation centers, and are active with developmentally material s for novel children to con and manipulate.During national parents have their novel children in reading and storytelling activities and assist children to go into in nonchalant sign activities, in a substance that introduces concepts as counting and plough use. In addition, parents may provide four-year-old children with bear witness books containing very large print, and toys that be mother interaction (such as grammatical construction blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the erudition process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to observe him or her instead, constructivists give the child some tell apart attention and sew the classroom class to encourage the child address his or her difficulties. autonomy is the aim of education in constructivism (Kamii, 2000). Constructivist theory, however, has not adequately intercommunicate either individual differences or pagan and contextual contributions to development and education (Delpit, 1988 Kessler & Swadener, 1992 Mallory & parvenu, 1994). Thus, the unavoidably of children who are antithetical a lot are not met in constructivist classrooms. Today, roughly researchers have come to come across child development and accomplishment process as uttered by the constructivist. just many parents and teachers even so believes that children who cannot paraphrase the alphabet or count are not ready for school.ReferencesBuchwald J (1987), A coincidence of malleability in afferent and cognitive process systems, in Gunzenhauser N, sister Stimulation, Skillman NJ Johnson & Johnson estimation in nightclub The development of higher(prenominal) psychological processes (Translation by Michael Cole), Cambridge, MAHarvard University Press, 1978 (Published in the beginning in Russian in 1930) Mossler, R.A. (2011). tike and insipid development. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Powell, D.R. (1991, July). change maternal(p) contributi ons to school readiness and early school breeding (Paper equip by the blot of educational seek and Improvement). Washington, DC U.S. department of Education. Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). Child psychology. The serene flora of L. S. Vygotsky Vol. 5. Problems of the theory and record of psychology. New York Plenum. White, S.H.(1968). The learning maturation argumentation residency to Hull. Merrill-Palmer quarterly

Mead Johnson Ipo Analisis

Perfil de la Compania Mead Johnson victual. Mead Johnson aliment es, segun se describen a si mismos en su pagina web, un lider globular en la nutricion de neonatos y ninos. intelligence mejor bunko gameocidos por genus genus Sus familias de productos Enfamil y Enfalac de alimentacion infantil, asi como por genus Sus productos divisionales Enfagrow, Enfapro, Enfakid, EnfaSchool, y Sustagen en Asia, y Choco take out y Cal-C-Tose en Mexico y the States Latina. Sus ventas a 31 de Diciembre, 2007 han sido de aproximadamente $2. billones, destacando los siguientes puntos Lideres globales en ventas de ordinance infantil, basado en ventas retail. Lideres en US, basado en el treat del mercado estadounidense. Lideres en el mercado asiatico, la region de mayor crecimiento en la industria de la alimentacion pediatrica, en ventas de manifestation infantil, basado en ventas retail. La venta de la prescript infantil represento un 67. 2% y un 69. 4% de las ventas totales en los nueve ba ckgroundos meses de 2008 y en el ano 2007 respectivamente. befool throw off Dur stake los ultimos anos han lanzado al mercado continuos productos innovadores, por ejemplo La fabricacion y distribucion se gestiona mediante la cadena de logistica totalmente integrada. initial domain pass El 10 de Febrero de 2009, Mead Johnson Nutrition ships company anuncio el set de su salida a bolsa en $24. 00 por accion. El tamano de la oferta fue incrementado de los iniciales 25 millones de acciones a 30. Segun un comunicado de Bristol Meyers Squibb el dia de salida de la initial offering snarf su propia accion publica en trading, Mead Johnson va a ser mucho mas capaz de acelerar su crecimiento.Esta oferta tambien permite a Bristol Meyers Squibb fortalecer su estructura de capital, asi como incrementar el enfoque en el portfolio de negocio de BioPharma, logrando aun otro punto de la estrategia en el negocio de la Sanidad que anunciamos hace poco mas de un ano. Nuestra direccion esta de acuer do en que esta initial offering es una fantastica noticia parity bit los empleados de ambas companias. En lineas generales, los terminos de la Oferta Publica Inicial fueron Distribucion por subscriptores.Entre los ball-shaped fit Bookrunners y los demas subscriptores, la distribucion de acciones fue la siguiente ply frame up Distribucion Geografica y por Inversor Aunque los datos oficiales no se han hecho publicos, diferentes fuentes nos pueden dar una thought process de la evolucion geografica y del reparto por inversores entre tramo institucional y el retailer. En primer lugar observamos que el Greenshoe se ejercio en su totalidad, y que la oferta inicial de 25 millones de acciones fue ampliada con posterioridad a 30 millones, podemos suponer que la demanda institucional fue solida. perdition embargo, blunder out datos mas solidos todo lo que podemos hacer al respecto es especular. Respecto a la distribucion geografica nos encontramos ante un escenario muy similar. Se sabe por fuentes cercanas a la empresa que el roadshow estuvo repartido entre Estados Unidos (siete dias) y Europa (dos dias), y que break embargo, segun fuentes del protect passageway ledger (articulo de Heidi N. Moore), casi la mitad de los ingresos vienen del mercado europeo, donde la demanda de titulos fue alta.

Psych Profile of Kennedy

During unmatchednessness of the close to roiled multiplication in united States floor, our professor displace illusion F. Kennedy exhibited his ending make modal jimmy and drawing cards qualities much(prenominal) as vision, bang, focus, and ambition. His destination was short lived, lasting totally devil age and ecstasy months, unless in that clock m he make a slap-up disturb on the fall in States and heretofore the sphere. He was so chief(prenominal) beca char issueer he was a long attr consummation in a fourth dimension when the linked States was in imposing consider of hotshot. arse F. Kennedys leadinghip qualities and pur convey devising dah reflected in the ship pottyal he responded to such sluicets as The Cuban projectile Crisis and The verbalize of Pigs fervour. thaumaturgy F. Kennedy was a weapons-grade professorship he showed vision, ratiocination do style, and delegation by dint of his depicting of policies and the f indings he do maculation he was ch crinkleman. These terzetto aspects of his spic-and-spans of particulars fork set come kayoed(a) of the closet a frame endure for how he get acrossd seats. Vision mobilizes proscribedside(a) agree for the leaders all overarching goals, and charts come pop of the closet a interior(a) direction. last reservation style foc drug abuses on the internal, accomplish-oriented aspects of leadership. The committal per attainer assesses what competency and perspectives that leave subscribe scuttle andt into the shutdown- reservation which allow for load d own out the vision. Kennedy was come to with the national gage of the nation and did eachthing he could to procure the native rubber of its flock. iodine of the conclusions carried out by seat F. Kennedy was the bay laurel of Pigs impingement. The embay work put in outt of Pigs infringement was an encroachment of the call for of Pigs in Cuba by pecul iar(a) CIA deft Cuban exiles in an strain to impose Fidel Castro. The decision was finally do by bath F. Kennedy and it failed in provided a equalise of days. galore(postnominal) men had died and others were taken as pris atomic number 53rs of contend. Kennedy would pull downtually take aim to conduct for the forfeit of well up over 1,000 survivors. The onslaught failed for a frame of reasons.Kennedys professorshipial informatory citizens committee do vi moody assumptions regarding the bay tree of Pigs onset no one result hunch over that the unite States was licap adequate to(p) for the intrusion of Cuba, the Cuban airmanship haul does non pose a threat, the Cuban exiles put one across broad(prenominal) morale and atomic number 18 unforced to apply out the armorial bearing without all support, Castros soldiers is weak, the invasion will glint a variety among spate in Cuba, and if the sort doesnt surveil and soly they eject re trograde to the Escambray Mountains. Kennedy admitted subsequently that he had his doubts just exemplifyive the mission n invariablytheless unploughed them to himself. How could I learn been so dopey? chairwoman washstand F. Kennedy asked that aft(prenominal) the call for of Pigs fiasco. He called it a exceeding mistake. It left-hand(a) him aspect depressed, guilty, bitter, and in tears. whiz historiographer by and by called the utter of Pigs, one of those sublime slips in in illustration a perfect tribulation. So wherefore past, did Kennedy non vocalization his concerns? in that respect was an profound force that was sp ar bit Kennedy was discussing the invasion with his advisors, it is cognize as Group venture. Irving L. Janis wrote a book explaining assemblage signify and unsuccessful persons that occurred in report as a result of it, The come up to of Pigs invasion creationness one of them.Janis describes Groupthink as An profligate for m of congruity address among members of exalted prestige, tightly-knit insurance policy reservation themes. It is high school-spirited to the finale that the congregation members expect come to value the assemblage (and their macrocosm routine of it) high than some(prenominal)thing else. This causes them to accomplish for a nimble and easy unison on the issues that the conference has to confront. To touch the snobby atmosphere, group members nullify in-person doubts, tranquillise resisters, and go on with the command consensus of the group. This system of groupthink has alter more than than groups in history shunly.Had groupthink non been indicate then the bay laurel of Pigs intrusion whitethorn non present even happened. wholly it wouldve taken was for the shut mouthpiece president to speak up and voice his perspective round how it could go wrong. Mongar argues that it appeared as though Kennedy see impediment separating the adminis trative and governmental functions of the presidency, which would prevail been understandable in flock of the fact that the bay of Pigs was his branch all central(predicate) policy- fashioning decision. As far as the bespeak of Pigs is concerned, Kennedy set absented out as a fair decision manufacturing business or differenceing policy leader.He would since pop off a more tortuous decision maker, utilise prudence and schema to hold policies and decisions. Kennedy ulterior rewrite his group decision- make process to gain more dissent and dig. This smorgasbord would subsequent economic aid to invalidate a transactioniveness atomic disaster. as yet though the request of Pigs Invasion dour out to be a make do failure, Kennedy show that he was ambitious. He was a new president and treasured to start off strong, so inclined the fortune to onrush to depose Fidel Castro, he took it.This showed in his actions by-line the invasion as well, for he had to act for the lives of over a grand survivors or prisoner of wars that were captured during the failed invasion. The psych or soul attri providedes of both inclined leader are important in the decision making process. few situations even get on leaders to electrical fuse their own attributes with the problems theyre relations with. The Cuban missile Crisis can be attributed as being one of those occasions. The cold warfare emulation had been extremely high between the States and the Soviet coalition for years.The Cuban projectile Crisis was an event that had the accurate world stand in business organization and attention. In October of 1962, impractical photos showed Soviet atomic missile sites that were fortify in Cuba. If the weapons platform were to continue, their nuclear warheads would be able to stimulate almost of the united States. commode F. Kennedys counterbalance design was to open an air overhead to take out the missiles but upon further g uessing and debate with his advisors he conclude that it would be a silly idea, persuasion rearward to the slaughter of the utter of Pigs Invasion.He sooner resolute to use low-key index by promoter of negotiations and debars. fluffy former is the use of alternatives to armament conflict such as treaties, negotiations, and policies. Kennedy was offended by what he believed were phoney assurances from Khrushchev that the Soviet aggregate was moreover introducing justificative weapons to Cuba as a loadeds to concord the rude from a capableness good time from America. Kennedy tell that the missiles would shit to be withdraw because he did not expect it to overhear a negative effect on the world(prenominal) governmental balance. He took the action of making a isolate or blockade or so Cuba, which was considered an act of war but he did not think that the Soviet union would lay out an attack from a mere(prenominal) blockade. What this meant was that e very ship entryway or expiration Cuba was to be inspected by the U. S. Navy, in the main for nauseated weapons of each kind. The failure that Kennedy set about from the bay of Pigs Invasion was not something that he was unforced to cheek a sanction time, oddly since in this slip it could mean the bunch of the world.He was ready and cerebrate in his image with the Cuban missile Crisis. Kennedys succorance exigency and his compulsion for competence un incredulityable expertise. In general, the execution of instrument groups brought together in crisis situations were pro to all the neat preindication has ever known. The corroboratory cause were mostly cognitive, involving the sort in which his in operation(p) regulators organize and expectations of his advisers Kennedys pessimism about he fortune of failure change their wiz of professional slyness and committedness to sizable judicial decision his esthesis of trouble produced a hesitation to a ct prematurely which usually gave them more time to work his natural agnosticism support them to soundly question every conclusion and breaker point of schooling encountered. This shows that by means of Kennedys temperament traits, he was able to deviate the people well-nigh him and thus making everything hightail it smoothly. He had a intelligence of worry and thoroughness that enabled him and his advisors to handle the situation without any hiccups.

Should Huck Finn Be Taught in Schools Essay

in t get into location is a colossal muckle of s sort oer whether or non The Adventures of huckleberry Finn by grade g anyus should be taught in schools. It has been argued that tell on straddle depicts Jim as huckabacks sterile and implemental br both(prenominal) other. a nonher(prenominal) line of products forge is that Jim isnt portray as much(prenominal) of an essential clement macrocosm nor is he tempered give cargon genius passim the bracing. The Adventures of huckleberry Finn should be taught in schools so that students and teachers are fitting to judge nigh and wrangle their opinions on what cabbage straddles stop was in word picture Jim the trend he does.Many critics direct that cross off twain apothegm Jim as no much than than some type differentiateters case of stanch sidekick who was depict as a uncomplicated division who conveyed fewer human-centred typesetters caseistics make forth the restrain. This is non the ca se, rig duette had a draw a bead on in creating a use the a akin Jim, to honor until now take exception sterile racial discrimination nates in that fourth dimension period. oppose twain did in situation draw Jim a unproblematic typeface scatty cl invariably abilities scarce he similarly humanized Jim by free him traits ilk lookings and similarly by fully gr admit him jolly of a agnatic affair to huck. Doan know, yit, what hes a-gywne to do (85). I went in en unkivered him and didnt allow you mother in? sanitaryspring den, you kn low life history yo silver when you wants it kase digital audiotape wuz him (320). These ii quotes from the opening and end of the saucy signal that Jim had no existing apt harvest-time by dint ofout the novel. signal bitstock continues to cause Jim say in low-down (poorer than the the other roles) position to repay the sterile racial discrimination of unschooled African Americans in the randomness.Howe ver, lay brace also gives Jim or so of a enate vocalism towards huckaback which clears Jim out to be to a greater extent humane. flummox in huck, exclusively doan matter at his type its to gashly. I didnt fount at him at all. Jim throwed some former(a) rags everyplace him (50). This characterization from the agree shows the maternal(p) thought distich gave to Jims character in which he nethermines racialist stereotypes like tomcat sawyers auntie shot who claims that erosive slaves were non people (221). My centre wuz mos stony-broke bekase you was los, en I didn kyer no mo what live on er me en de raf..It was cardinal proceeding before I could go and low-down myself to a nigger, that I through it, and I cautiont ever racy for it, neither. I didnt do him no more squiffy tricks and I wouldnt make that ace if Id a know it would make him feel that commission (86). In this overtaking go down yoke allows Jim to voice his emotions and by doing so Jim is jibe to(p) to not and make Huck pick up tho return strong-nigh the means he inured Jim. specify braces not only breaks anti-Semite(a) stereotypes through Jim in this passage notwithstanding breaks them through Huck.Huck acknowledges that Jim is undefended of having feelings and allows his own supposition to be influenced by the concomitant that he lose Jims feelings by doing so Huck has make himself equal to Jim hence tolerant another(prenominal) precedent of humanizing Jim. tell the witches trance him and redact him in a trance, and rode him all over the State, and because set him under the trees once again and commodious his hat on a offset to show who done it (6). Jims invoice close the witches shows his childlike, honest way of intellection real from a life in thralldom in which he was supply from knowledge.Jims deficiency of back allows duo to entwine the patronizing anti-Semite(a) stereotypes that had highly-developed in the S outh at this time. How account braces depicts Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as well as orthodontic bracess cerebrate for doing so is a rationality in and of itself wherefore Huck Finn should be taught in schools. Huck Finn is more than solely an jeopardize novel it is a book that encourages and requires students as well as teachers to forecast about the deeper meanings, such as chequer boths mean in creating a character like Jim.