German And Dutch Influence On American Housing Essays - Dormer

German And Dutch Influence On American Housing Essays - Dormer German And Dutch Influence On American Housing German settlers came to North America in the late 17th century, they settled mainly in Pennsylvania. Germans built large, lasting houses of wood and quarry stone. Dutch settlers came, more than a century earlier, to the New World. Their first settlements were in New Amsterdam, now known as New York City and the Hudson Valley to the north. Dutch immigrants used stone and brick to build their homes. Their homes were large according to colonial standards. Dutch homes were noted for their decorative brickwork. The Germans enticed by such good reports, more displaced Germans came, crowding the trails that led westward. The rolling hills and fertile soils of the River Valley in Pennsylvania reminded them of their homeland, so they settled by the thousands, and their descendants, misnamed the Pennsylvania Dutch remain there to this day. The Dutch landed and decided to call New Amsterdam their home. They learned to use the sea to their advantage and became fisherman, they supplied seafood to Europe and soon became one of the leading exporters. Germans used Gable roofs with hoods in building their dwellings. Germans used hoods, or abbreviated roofs, to protect the people walking, from rain, and helped with the removal of rain from the roof. Dutch settlers built their homes using intricate, stepped gables. Some of the main architectural features in German and Dutch influenced houses are dormer windows, stepped gables or hoods, metal gutters, small windows with sliding shutters, and the Dutch door. The Dutch door is a door that is divided in half horizontally, like the door outside of the pool for the concession stand. There are some distinctive features of the German and Dutch; Germans had fireplaces in the center of the first floor. The fireplace was the center of most activities. On the opposite side of the fireplace was a large family room for entertaining, they used the light and heat from the fireplaces to do many daily chores and used for the entertaining of the guests. A favorite feature of the Dutch was wide front porches on their homes. The Dutch also had dormer windows that are still widely used today. Dormer windows are windows that are projecting through a steeply sloping roof. While doing this report we found that not many houses can be influenced by only one group of people. Shingles from the English settlements and dormer windows from the Dutch can be used on the same house. Although many houses have different characteristics they still have a distinct style.

Leísmo and the Use of Le in Spanish

Leà ­smo and the Use of 'Le' in Spanish Do you always follow the rules of proper English in your speaking and writing? Probably not. So it probably would be too much to ask native Spanish speakers to do the same. And thats especially true when it comes to using pronouns such as le and lo. When it comes to breaking the rules of Spanish - or at least of varying from standard Spanish - there are probably no rules that are broken more often than those involving third-person object pronouns. The rules are broken so often that there are three common names for variations from whats considered normal, and the Spanish Royal Academy (the official arbiter of what is proper Spanish) accepts the most common variation from the norm but not others. As a Spanish student, youre normally best off learning, knowing and using standard Spanish; but you should be aware of variations so they dont confuse you and, ultimately, so you know when its OK to deviate from what you learn in class. Standard Spanish and Objective Pronouns The chart below shows the third-person objective pronouns that are recommended by the Academy and are understood by Spanish speakers everywhere. Number and gender Direct object Indirect oject singular masculine ("him" or "it") lo (Lo veo. I see him or I see it.) le (Le escribo la carta. I am writing him the letter.) singular feminine ("her" or "it") la (La veo. I see her or I see it.) le (Le escribo la carta. I am writing her the letter.) plural masculine ("them") los (Los veo. I see them.) les (Les escribo la carta. I am writing them the letter.) plural feminine ("them") las (Las veo. I see them.) les (Les escribo la carta. I am writing them the letter.) In addition, the Academy allows the use of le as a singular direct object when referring to a male person (but not a thing). Thus I see him could correctly be translated as either lo veo or le veo. Substituting le for lo is known as leà ­smo, and this recognized substitution is extremely common and even preferred in parts of Spain. Other Types of Leà ­smo While the Academy recognizes le as a singular direct object when referring to a male person, that isnt the only type of leà ­smo you may hear. While the use of les as a direct object when referring to multiple persons is less common, it also is frequently used and is listed as a regional variation in some grammar texts despite what the Academy may say. Thus you may hear les veo (I see them) when referring to males (or a mixed male/female group) even though the Academy would recognize only los veo. Although less common than either of the above variations, in some regions le also can be used as a direct object instead of la to refer to females. Thus, le veo might be said for either I see him or I see her. But in many other areas, such a construction might be misunderstood or create ambiguity, and you should probably avoid using it if youre learning Spanish. In some areas, le may be used to denote respect when used as a direct object, especially when speaking to the person le refers to. Thus, one might say quiero verle a usted (I want to see you) but quiero verlo a Roberto (I want to see Robert), although -lo would technically be correct in both instances. In areas where le can substitute for lo (or even la), it frequently sounds more personal than the alternative. Finally, in some literature and older texts, you may see le used to refer to an object, thus le veo for I see it. Today, however, this usage is considered substandard. Loà ­smo and Laà ­smo In some areas, parts of Central America and Colombia in particular, you may hear lo and la used as indirect objects instead of le. However, this usage is frowned on elsewhere and is probably best not imitated by people learning Spanish. More About on Objects The distinction between direct and indirect objects isnt quite the same in Spanish as it is in English, and thus the pronouns that represent them are sometimes called accusative and dative pronouns, respectively. Although a full listing of the differences between English and Spanish objects is beyond the scope of this article, it should be noted that some verbs use dative (indirect object) pronouns where the English would use a direct object. One common such verb is gustar (to please). Thus we correctly say le gusta el carro (the car pleases him), even though the English translation uses a direct object. Such usage of le is not a violation of the formal rules of Spanish or a true example of leà ­smo, but rather shows a different understanding of how some verbs function.

Captivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Captivity - Essay Example luential individual or stratum upon the weak and helpless, so that the powerful could exploit the riches, belongs, talent, energies or qualities of the captive for his own purpose. As it has often been observed that the highly qualified professionals are confined to some specific task or job by the rich entrepreneur in the name of financial stability. Similarly, animals are made captive and confined into cages and snares for the entertainment of humans. But captivity is not restrained to encaging or physical confinement only. Rather, there are multiple forms of imprisonment and captivity. Renowned French philosopher of 18th century Jean Jacques Rousseau once said that man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains. The quote maintains depth of oceans in it due to the fact that man undergoes various kinds of captivities, which serve as great hurdles on his way to achieve his ultimate destination in this world as well as in the world Hereinafter. Hence, humans are captives of social norms, cultural traditions, historically existing conventions, religious beliefs, financial problems and statutes of prevailing law, and are bound to adapt their lives accordingly on the basis of all such norms, mores, traditions, beliefs and laws. Not only this that man is bound in the chains inflicted by others upon him, but also he is slave to his own wishes and desires, which make him their captive in the very sense and definition of the term. It is therefore it is aptly viewed that man is the captive of his own body. Hunger and thirst are basic human instincts and needs, without whi ch body stops working properly. If an individual is not offered bread for few hours only, he will start turning weak and fragile. Consequently, he becomes irritated and strives to get the same either in peaceful manners or by applying force. It brings uncertainty, disorder, chaos and turmoil in society. But it proves the very fact that man is captive of his body. Extraordinary change in climate, chilly

Business Policy and Strategic Management Research Paper

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Research Paper Example Internal functioning at Southwest Airlines Southwest held the tag of low cost airlines in USA for so many years. However, some internal hiccups led to an unexpected change in its structure and internal functioning. It was considered one of the best companies to work for but increased labor costs and rising fuel prices turned these cordial relations into sour ones. While employees started complaining of low wages, Southwest also suffered as strikes and complaints by employees deteriorated the culture at and image of Southwest. Distanced employee relations and September 11 attack worsened the situation and customer complaints also started rising because of increased demands for safety in flights and long ticketing process. Emergence of other low cost competitors like JetBlue and AirTran threatened the very existence of Southwest Airlines because of which sustaining low prices became a daunting task for Southwest. One implicit reason behind such subtle transformation was the change in l eadership witnessed at Southwest. Herb Kelleher was the person who employees identified with. However, with Gary Kelly replacing Kelleher, problems started emerging as employees lost the bonding and affection they had with the company under the leadership of Kelleher (Katrina 2001).

Domestic Violence Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence Essay Before I answer to this question, let me tell you a short story. Her friends describe Maria â€Å"as the perfect girl†. She is beautiful, she is working and she has many friends. However, Maria has many problems in her family. Her father is alcoholic and he is not working to feet his family. So, Maria and her mother are doing two or three jobs each in order to earn enough money to survive. Her father was hitting her and her mother almost everyday. One day one of Maria’s friends that know what it was happening report this situation to the police in order to help Maria. When the police ask Maria if she believes that there are any signs of Domestic Violence in her family, her answer was just like that â€Å"Of course not, no one rape me or my mother or my little brother.† I am here to talk you about Domestic Violence and specifically what it is, how common it is and some basic signs of identifying it in everyday life. In 1993 the Home Affairs Select Committee (HASC) Report on Domestic Violence used the following definition: â€Å"any form of physical, sexual or emotional abuse which takes place within the context of a close relationship. In most cases, the relationship will be between partners (married, cohabiting, or otherwise) or ex-partners†. So domestic violence can affect many aspects of someone’s life. It is more likely to acts against women more than men. Crime survey found that 45% women and 26% men had experienced at least one incident of inter – personal violence in their lifetimes. This means that women affected almost twice as much than men. Domestic violence is repetitive, life – threatening and can destroy the lives of women, children and men. I will be concentrating on how common is domestic violence nowadays. The association for domestic violence prevention in the family was founded in Nicosia on the 25th July 1990. The association is an non- profitable organization. An Administration Body of 9 members also administrates the association. The goals of the association are prevention of use in the family, immediate help to victims in the family, shetter to victims of family members and provide information and generate awareness of the public for the problem of domestic violence. According to the statistics 20% of the murders are due to family violence, generally speaking the police signify two events of domestic violence murders a year. In 2009 8 out of 19 murders are family-violence murders. 85% of murderers are men and 15% are women. 36% of victims are men and 54% are women. We have seen until know how common is domestic violence between sexes but it is very important to highlight some points that can help you to recognize an abusive act or relationship. All forms of domestic violence, psychological, economic, emotional and physical come from the abuser’s desire and control over other family members or intimate partners. Although every situation is unique, there are common factors that link the experience of an abusive relationship. Acknowledging these factors is an important step in preventing and stopping the abuse. This list can help you to recognize if you, or someone you know, are in an abusive relationship. Firstly, is the destructive criticism and verbal abuse like shouting/mocking/ accusing/name/calling verbally threatening. Secondly, the Pressure tactics like sulking; threatening to withhold money, disconnect the telephone; lying to your friends and family about you; telling you that you have no choice in any decisions. Thirdly, when they show to you disrespect for example putting you down in front of other people; not listening or responding when you talk; interrupting your telephone calls; taking money from your purse without asking. Also when breaking your trust, for example lying to you; being jealous and having other relationships. The most serious forms of domestic violence is the sexual and physical violence. Using force, threats or intimidation to make you perform sexual acts or having sex without want it. Punching, slapping, hitting, biting kicking and so on are part of the physical violence. Maria now, knows that the problems that she was having are fall in Domestic Violence. Now she can realize that rape is not only the main cause of it. She and her mother report her father in the police. But even though Maria she is never going to forget what it was happening to her all these years. Further to my analysis of what Domestic Violence is, how common it is and what are the basic signs of it I will show you once again which are the statistics about reported facts of Domestic Violence in the UK. 1. One call about Domestic Violence every minute†¦ 2. 1,300 calls each day†¦ 3. 570,000 every year†¦ After all now you know what Domestic Violence is. Next time you are asked what Domestic Violence is †¦., now you Know the answer.

Terrorist Attack on American Soil Essay -- September 11, Al Qaeda Terr

September 11, 2001 was by far the worst terrorist attack on American soil. Many viewers witnessed the catastrophic events live on national television. As the smoke and dust settled in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania, Americans were left to ponder what the attacks meant for the nation. Following the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush addressed Congress and the nation on October 7, 2001, announcing, "On my orders, the United States military has begun strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan" (The White House, 2001). It was at that moment that the military of the United States of America was ready to extend their capabilities to prevent and conquer hostility both on home soil and abroad. Each soldier is sworn into oath when the decision is made to enlist in the military, they vow to defend our country and to fight for our freedom. As a result of the September 11th attacks on our nation, soldiers in the United States (U.S.) military were subjected to take on the oath that they vowed and to fight multiple wars that required longer deployments and quicker redeployment times. While the actions of wartime are essential to maintain the high levels of security for our nation, the unconstructive, stressful, and demanding distress of longer deployments may very well be overshadowing the benefits by annihilating the personal lives of U.S. Army soldiers. For some soldiers in the U.S. Army, the distress of combat can be overpowering and detrimental on them physically and psychologically, leading them to turn to alcohol as a coping mechanism. Alcoholism Defined Alcoholism is known as a disease, syndrome, sign, or symptom among an individual who consume... ... the journey of this debilitating disorder. Soldiers who are fortunate to take advantage of treatment methods should succumb to their miraculous power by utilizing them to overcome daily and life altering stressors that may cross their path in life. Undoubtedly, research studies will be an ongoing process to determine the culprits that lead to alcohol abuse and to assist in decreasing the rates. It is clear that alcoholism will be an ongoing issue among society. The reality of alcoholism is that people will do whatever it takes to psychologically cope, not realizing the damaging affect that it may have on their life. I am in high hopes that the future will have improved treatments and that the United States Army will continue to provide support to those who have fallen to victim to alcoholism due to their experience during military conflicts on the battlefield.

Benefits of Kids Playing Outdoors Essay

1. Introduction The modern day definition of playing for many children these days are stuck in front of the laptop, television, game console or tablet devices. Game consoles more generally refer to video games that required connecting to the television. Examples of game consoles are Microsoft Xbox, Sony PlayStation and Nintendo Wii. While there is doubted those tech gadgets can help young children in terms of their mental development and dexterity, getting kids playing outdoors is beneficial too. A gadget is a small technological object that has a certain function, but often thought of as unique. Examples of tech gadgets are smartphone, iPod, Samsung Galaxy Tab, PlayStation and many more. Playing outdoors is a form of exercise that encourages kids be well-being and healthy physical development. Play outdoors can let them explore their environment, improve their muscle strength, and organization, and also improves self-confidence. Playing vigorously outdoors also will increase flexibility, development of an extensive collection of physical skills, as well as involved themselves in sports. Outdoor play should not become too academic and too teachers and parents controlled. 2. Background Information The growing of kids nowadays and back then is different. Kids nowadays spend indoors that wired to technology while kids back then spend their time outside enjoying the nature. The huge majority of today’s kid only stays indoors use a computer, watch TV, online or play video games on a daily basis. However, only about 10 per cent of kids spend their time outdoors every day, according to a new nationwide poll from The Nature Conservancy. About 80 per cent of kids said that it is uncomfortable to play outdoors due to thing like bugs, mosquitoes, and also the heat outside. Then about 70 per cent of them said that they do not have transportation to go outdoors like natural areas. Lastly about 63 per cent said there were no natural areas or nice places for them to play outdoors that near to their houses. These days parents are so busy with their work and they do not have time to accompany or bring their children go out and play. Our culture is taking outdoor play away from young children through excessive of TV and computer use, unsafe neighbourhoods, busy parents, elimination of school recess and academic  standards nowadays that push more and more developmentally inappropriate academics into our early childhood programs, thus taking away their time to play and relax. 3. Benefits of Kids Playing Outdoors 3.1 Physical Benefits Obesity is getting more and more these days because most of them are lazy to do exercise and spend time outside, they prefer watching television, playing video games and online at home for the whole day. Outdoor play also enables children to enjoy the natural environment and learn how to seek out exercise, and fresh air. Children who learn to enjoy the outdoors activities have a much higher likelihood of becoming adults who like to hiking, bicycling, mountain climbing and many more. This is dangerous as obesity becomes an ever-greater national fear and as we must all learn to care and protect the environment. By spending time in the sunshine playing, it can help their bodies to get vitamin D to develop healthier bones and can reduce risk such as heart disease or high blood pressure. 3.2 Mental and Emotional Benefits Children these days have busy schedules with school and extracurricular activities and they may experience stress and suffer from conditions like depression. Physical activities outdoors can definitely help kids to reduce their stress and also can improve their mood. When kids are playing outside, they are most likely running, jumping, yelling and laughing. Take a break to let kids playing outside can increase focus of children while they are in the classroom. 3.3 Promotes leadership skills and encourage cooperative play In the environment where children create the fun, natural leaders will arise. One child will need to explain how to play the game, while another may enjoy setting up the physical challenge of an outdoor obstacle course. While in a setting where there aren’t clear winners or losers, children work together to meet a goal. The way they cooperate or work together to meet a desired result helps them to increase their relationship. They may also learn how to share foods, toys and so on. 3.4 Cognitive Benefits Playing can develops kid’s memory, thinking skills and ability to study. According to The National Centre for physical development, playing can develop children’s gross motor skills, which increases their ability to remember new information. Spending time outside can benefits children to determine new things and make sense of the world around them when they are outside. 3.5 Social Benefits When kids are playing outdoors with other kids, they are learning about relationships and how to behave as a member of a group. Spending time outside can allow children to make new friends, resolve conflict and express their feelings. They also will learn how to follow the rules and gain self-control skills. For example, pushing each other on the swing, playing together in the sand, jumping rope together and so on can develop social skills. Physical play, constructive play can also involve in social play if it encourages the commitment of more than one child. 3.6 Natural Experience Playing outside is vital to a child’s growth and their mental and physical development. When playing outdoors, they can interact with the environment, the nature by climbing trees, lying on the grass, digging in the sands, or play with the butterflies. By interact with the nature and also with the other kids outside, it helps to motivate the curiosity and creativity of children and they also can learn new thing of being outdoors. When they are playing outside, they can hear the sound of birds’ tweets, the bees breezing, the sound of the dried leaves and many more. Therefore, they also can learn and know about how do caterpillar become butterflies, how do plants grow, how does mud feel and smell like and so on. 4. Conclusion Providing for the outdoor play needs of children is a complex and challenging task. Parents should take some times to bring their children go out to enjoy the environment not just stuck in the house playing games or watching TV. As  a part of being child, they must have the chances of playing outdoors. So that they can be healthier, become smarter, can enjoy the environment and have memorable memories when they grow up.

Nutritional Considerations for Ice Hockey Athletes Essay

Nutrition is essential for one and all. Research has shown that optimal nutrition is critical for both physical and mental performance. Optimal nutrition means that which is neither excess nor deficient. Optimal nutrition has an important role in the performance of sportsmen. Nutrition is also important during practice and training sessions so that overtraining does not occur. The type of nutrition essential for each sport is different depending on the level of physical activity involved. Ice hockey is one of the high range sports which require high intensity training and also high intensity performance. This research explores the optimal nutrition requirement of ice hockey athletes. Energy requirements of ice hockey The human body expends energy in one of three ways: through the basal metabolic rate, through thermogenesis, or through physical activity. The basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy expenditure required to carry on normal biological functions and reactions in the body, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and carrying out the process of waste management. It accounts for roughly 75% of the daily energy expenditure. Physical activity deals with energy expended during periods of exercise, and it accounts for around 18% of total energy expenditure. Dietary thermogenesis is the energy expenditure required for the digestion, absorption, and transportation of food. Some individuals expend more calories in thermogenesis than others, and this phenomenon accounts for the slight metabolic differences between obese and lean individuals. Dietary thermogenesis accounts for 7% of energy expenditure (â€Å"The Weight Loss Equation† 2004). While basal metabolic rate and dietary themogenesis remain almost same for all, physical activity varies from individual to individual and from one sport to another. Ice hockey is a fast-paced, physical team sport which is played on ice. The sport involves intermittent high intensity skating, rapid changes in duration and velocity and also frequent body contact (Montgomery, 1988). Typically, a player performs for about 15 to 20 minutes in a game which lasts for 60 minutes. Each shift lasts for about 30 to 80 seconds which is followed by a 4- 5 minute recovery time (Montgomery, 1988). Each shift is a high intensity burst demanding good muscle strength and power and also anaerobic endurance. Heart rates during a shift exceed 90% HR max. Blood lactate levels soar during the game proving that ice hockey is anaerobic in nature. Both anaerobic and aerobic systems of energy are important for performance in the game. When energy is derived after combustion of carbohydrates and fat in the presence of oxygen, it is known as aerobic metabolism. The by-products of such a metabolism are carbon-di-oxide and water which are disposed off through breathing and sweating. Aerobic metabolism comes into picture for energy expenditure during rest and low intensity exercises or physical activity. During this type of metabolism, energy is derived from glucose and fat in the presence of oxygen. The stored glycogen in the muscles is broken down to glucose which is further broken down using oxygen to create energy. When glycogen stores are depleted, fat metabolism is initiated for energy replenishment. Fat metabolism is a slow process and when this is used for energy, performance declines. As the intensity of physical activity progresses, energy begins to be derived from anaerobic metabolism where energy is produced from glycogen or sugar in the absence of oxygen. This is because higher intensities of exercise need more energy which cannot be supplied by aerobic metabolism. The change from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism is known as metabolism threshold. The waste products of anaerobic metabolism are pyruvic acid and lactic acid which cause fatigue and soreness in the muscles (Scott, 2005). Anaerobic exercise is much less efficient that aerobic exercise and hence requires lot of training. The first thing in a sport like ice hockey is to ensure that the player is consuming sufficient number of calories so that energy can be spent. Ice hockey involves intense training. Players of this sport expend atleast 600-1200kcals during workout. Hence ideal calorie requirements of these athletes are about 50- 80kcals/kg/day which amounts to 2500- 8000kcals/day for a 50-100kg weighing athlete. Some may even require 12,000kcals/day (Casa et al, 2000). According to the Canada Food Guide (qtd. in Bullard, 1978), essential components of food for any individual are proteins, fat and carbohydrates. These must be blended in such a way that they contain sufficient essential minerals and vitamins. There are four basic foods which make this possible. They are 2- 4 servings of milk or milk products like whole or 2% skim milk, butter milk, reconstituted evaporated or dry milk and cheese, 3- 5 servings of bread and cereals, 2 servings of meat and alternates like poultry, liver, fish, lean meat, cooked dried peas, nuts, beans or lentils, cheddar, cottage cheese, processed cheese and eggs, and 4- 5 servings of fruit and vegetables. This food can supply about 1000 to 1400 calories per day. Additional calories can be supplied by increasing the number or size of servings. Each individual has different needs of calories and nutrients based on the age, sex, size of body, daily activities and growth. For athletes, extra nutrition is essential not only to maintain body weight, but also to allow for exercise, training and competition. Consuming energy deficient diet leads to weight loss, muscle mass loss, physical symptoms, psychological symptoms of over training and also performance reduction. In females, eating disorders can develop (Krieder et al, 2002). Muscle strength Muscle strength is very essential for ice hockey playing because shifts involve intense body contact and high intensity and high speed skating. To develop adequate muscle strength, appropriate training is essential. Elements of strength training include hypertrophy, maximal strength, explosive power, strength endurance and periodization. Hypertrophy of muscles is essential in ice hockey players because the sport is involved with aggressive body contact. However, too much bulk is a hindrance and hence only optimal hypertrophy is aimed at (Tikkaja et al, 2003). Maximal strength is that force which can be generated by the athlete to the maximal level. Maximal strength is essential to generate explosive power during performance which is essential during shifts. Maximal strength training does not lead to hypertrophy of muscles (Hoff et al, 2002). Explosive power training involves training the athlete to contract muscles in a fast manner which is needed in shifts. Strength endurance is important in ice hockey because of the speed and high intensity burst that the sport demands. Periodisation allows sports-specific strength to peak at the right moment, i. e. the shift. For a good training program to run, a well designed diet must be there which meets the needs of energy intake and also incorporates appropriate timing of nutrients. Research has proven that a good diet helps in the adaptation of training and a bad diet impedes adaptation to training (Krieder et al, 2002) Hydration Water accounts for 73% of lean body mass. During any exercise, evaporation of sweat occurs as a method to regulate the core temperature of the body. The same is the case with ice hockey. Sweating causes loss of valuable fluids from the body which has only a finite reservoir of water. Hence if the lost fluids are not replaced in a timely manner, dehydration can result. Dehydration leading to 1-2% loss in body weight can compromise the physiologic function and thus affect performance (Casa et al, 2000). Once the loss of weight reaches 3%, exertional heat illnesses like heat exhaustion, heat cramps and heat stroke can occur (Casa et al, 2000). Dehydration during physical activity of sports is very common. Dehydration can develop within one hour of physical activity or even in a shorter duration of time. Dehydration can be minimized or even prevented by following proper dehydration prevention protocols (Casa et al, 2000). One of the indicators of hydration during exercise sessions is to check weight before, during and after the sessions. This is useful provided the players enter the exercise session fully hydrated. This form of monitoring for fluid loss is reliable and helps the player rehydrate in a timely manner. Another reliable method of monitoring hydration status is specific gravity checking of urine with a refractometer. Urine volume assessment and urine color comparison methods are less popular methods of hydration status assessment (Casa et al, 2000). According to the guidelines set by the National Athletic Trainer’s Association (Casa et al, 2000), an athlete must consume approximately 500- 600ml of water or sports drink 2- 3hours prior to practice session or game and about 200- 300ml of water or sports drink prior to onset of exercise. During the game or practice session fluids must be consumed to make up losses. This can be done by taking 200- 300ml every 10-20 minutes. After the exercise, rehydration must be done to replace losses during the session. Electrolytes must also be included in the fluids to speed rehydration. Usually cool fluids are recommended so that the player takes more fluid inside. Bad signs and symptoms of dehydration include irritability, thirst, general discomfort, headache, dizziness, chills, vomiting, nausea and decreased performance. Other dehydration signs include weariness, flushed skin, apathy and heat sensations on head and neck. Sodium chloride must be included in the fluid replacement beverage when there is inadequate access to meals. Modest amounts of sodium ranging between 0. 3- 0. 7g/L can offset salt loss which occurs in sweating. Ideal rehydration fluid An ideal rehydration fluid will consist of 60 grams of carbohydrate in 1 liter of fluid. This concentration of fluid will not hinder fluid absorption and at the same time will provide the required carbohydrate for refuelling (Casa et al, 2000). Role of proteins Proteins are very essential when heavy work is done for prolonged periods and also during periods of growth. May sportsmen are of the opinion that proteins are the primary sources of energy for muscles. However, this is not true because, when other substrates are available, protein is seldom used for derivation of energy. A well balanced diet will have sufficient protein for building of muscles and hence there is no justification for the use of expensive high-protein diets (Casa et al, 2000). High intense trainers like ice hockey players will need about 1. – 2g per kg per day of protein which is twice the RDA recommendation for general population. Insufficient protein intake can result in negative nitrogen balance which increases protein catabolism and slows recovery time. This can contribute to intolerance of training and loss of muscle mass. The type of protein consumed is also important. Best sources of protein include skinless chicken, egg white, skim milk and egg white (Krieder et al, 2004).. Role of fat Fat is very rich in calories. Each gram of fat when burnt, releases 9KCals. However, metabolic breakdown of fat utilizes more oxygen and thus maximum physical efficiency is not possible when a diet which is rich in fat is consumed. However, some amount of fat is essential for flavouring of food, reservation of energy stores and body insulation (Casa et al, 2000). The dietary recommendations for fat intake in athletes are similar to those recommended for non-athletes. For an athlete, it is essential to maintain energy balance, replenish intramuscular triacyl glycerol and also take essential fatty acids (Krieder et al, 2004). Role of carbohydrates During exercise, body uses 30-60 g of carbohydrates per hour. Ice hockey players will need 400-1500 grams of carbohydrate (50-150kg body weight) to maintain the glycogen levels of the muscle. Majority of the carbohydrate in the diet must come from complex carbohydrates which have low-to-moderate glycemic index. Some of such carbohydrates are starches, grains, maltodextrins and fruit. Since it is difficult to consume solid carbohydrate during intense training, experts recommend that carbohydrates may be taken in the form of concentrated carbohydrate juices and drinks (Krieder et al, 2004). Vitamins Vitamins are essential for energy synthesis, prevention of cell destruction, maintenance of neurological processes and regulation of metabolic processes. Basically there are 2 types of vitamins, the fat soluble and the non-fat soluble. Vitamins A, D,E and K are fat soluble and Vitamins B and C are water soluble (Krieder et al, 2004). Athletes need as much vitamins as non-athletes. There is no evidence to definitely prove that increased vitamin consumption increases performance.

buy custom Classification Systems essay

buy custom Classification Systems essay The main significant for undertaking this research is to make a contribution to the scholarly understanding by coming up with a new model and introducing innovative interpretations to this model so as to present a fast and reliable means of data storage and retrieval. The research will not only contribute to the scholars but to business organizations as well. This is because this is the most affected sector since most businesses handle lots of data for their clients and products and services they offer. While most of this data is in unstructured state, most organizations feel that it is not well protected. A lot of this data is sensitive and confidential thus it must be protected using apposite measures. In addition to this, the data should support numerous distribution needs since it is shared across several platforms and between partners and entities as well. The handling and management of unstructured data is documented as one of the chief unsettled problems in the information technology industry (9). This is because; the techniques and equipment that proved successful in handling structured data have proved to be useless when dealing with unstructured data since it is bulky and sophisticated (9). This has consequently created an equally need for equipment and techniques for managing unstructured data that not all governments can afford. Inefficient and irrelevance in search; one of the basic requirements for unstructured data is that it should be searchable. Blumberg Atre (9) argues that before the web came into use, files and documents would be searched using full-text and other search systems. Conversely, with the rapid increase in the use of internet, these searching tools became inefficient enough to serve the highdemand (9). Several research studies have discovered that the standard size for search phrases that are used on communa l webs is only about 1.5-2.5 words. Research has also shown that the standard search contains very few competent Boolean operators, actually less than ten percent of the actual time. With such undersized phrases and very little application of sophisticated search techniques, it is clear evidence that the results are poor or irrelevant. In addition to these, the search machines treat every search application separately. This therefore means that same results are given for a particular search phrase even if the context is different (9). According to Blumberg Atre (9), the inconsistency in methodologies, frameworks and the taxonomies used in organization and classification of data shows that there is no suitable approach for interpreting and modeling unstructured data. Instead on there being one reliable and efficient standard, several models are coming up and each model has its own values and insights. This divergence therefore poses a major problem in the future since it is not certain which model will actual be able to effectively handle the unstructured data. Duplicating computing displays the use of internet and other data extraction systems so as to achieve reliable standards (9). Raghavan (16) classifies data using a two-class classification system using standard queries; the filtering and routing. He asserts that classification is usually general focused and the process with which such classification is performed is called text classification (15). According to Mena (10), unstructured data can best be managed when organized in hierarchical systems commonly referred to as taxonomies. Taxonomy can bee described as a hierarchical structure of classification whereby it moves down from extensive to explicit. This structure acts as a directory on a PC in the sense that it provides an expedient and instinctive way to maneuver and acquire information easily. This therefore means that; instead of formulating a query and then evaluate the results, one can directly access the relevant information by simply formulating queries on the appropriate classes and subclasses. Another advantage with these taxonomies is that they limit the queries to specific classes and sub cla sses (10). A well organized taxonomy may comprise of eighty to ten levels with hundreds or even thousands of classes. The Confidentiality Integrity Availability (CIA) Assurance Model is a commonly used model which recognizes the Confidentiality Integrity and Availability of data as the elementary safety characteristics of information particularly the unstructured data (11). Confidentiality is described as the guarantee of data discretion, the purpose of which is to ensure that only authorized and the intended processes, people or devices can have access to the data (9). This is only achievable when cryptography is implemented. Integrity is the assurance once data is stored, it can not be altered in transition; and the dispatcher of the data must be the person intended to be. To ensure that data is not altered or corrupted on transition, hash algorithms and digital signatures are used (14). Availability is the assurance that data can be accessed by the user in a reliable and timely manner. This guarantees a fast availability of data on request (9). While integrity and availability are maintained, in vaders may cause such information to become less accessible or completely unavailable. Buy custom Classification Systems essay

Majoring in Project Management - Coursework and Careers

Majoring in Project Management - Coursework and Careers What Is Project Management? Project management is the perfect specialization for business majors who like to take the reigns. Project managers initiate, plan, and execute ideas. Whether its a multi-billion dollar construction project or small, modestly-funded IT project, there is a great need for qualified project managers who can oversee the timing, budget and scope of an operation. Project Management Degrees Most of the people who major in project management earn a bachelors degree. However, there are a growing number of students who are seeking out more advanced degrees, such as a specialized masters degree, dual degree or an MBA with a concentration in project management. Read more about graduate-level business degrees. An advanced degree could make you more marketable and may even allow you to seek out special certifications that require a certain amount of academic experience directly related to project management. Read more about project management degrees. Project Management Programs Although many students are choosing to earn a degree in project management from a college, university or business school, there are other education options outside of degree programs. For example, students could choose to complete a project management certificate program, such as the one offered by UC Berkeley. Many of these certificate programs award professional development units (PDU) or  continuing education units (CEU)  that look good on a resume and can be used as academic experience for project management certification.   Many project management majors choose to take structured courses and certificate programs offered by  Registered Education Providers (REPs). REPs are organizations that provide project management training that adheres to the global standards established by the Project Management Institute (PMI). Students who complete these courses will be awarded PDUs. An example of an REP is Bellevue College in Washington State. Project Management Coursework Business majors  who specialize in project management will find that coursework varies from program to program. However, most programs include core courses in management principles as well as classes that explore subjects like communications, project cost management, human resources, technology integration, quality management, risk management, procurement, project scope and time management. Some project management programs focus exclusively on theory, while others offer hands-on opportunities and real-world projects so that students can gain valuable work experience while earning their degree. There are also some programs that take a hybrid approach so that students can have the best of both worlds. Read more about project management curriculum. Project Management Careers Most of the students majoring in project management will go on to work as project managers. Although project management is still a relatively new profession, it is a fast growing sector in the business field. More and more organizations are turning to business majors who have academic training in project management. You can choose to work for one company or you can start your own consulting firm. Read more about project management careers. Project Management Certification Project management certification is an important consideration for students majoring in project management. With enough education and work experience, you can earn a project management certification to establish your credibility and demonstrate your knowledge of project management. As with certification in other fields, certification in project management can lead to better jobs, more opportunities for work, and even higher pay. Read more about the benefits of project management certification.

EVA Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EVA Analysis - Research Paper Example However, as IBM has faced competition in the computer hardware subsectror of the IT sector, it has diversified into other areas and become a big product in these areas. IBM has become more active today in the software sector as well as the cloud computing sector. In fact the area where the firm is most successful is the software sub-sector. IBM now has four main divisions which include Financing, Hardware, Services, and Software (Lines & Ambler, 2012). Each of the four departments in IBM has different profitability and this means that if the investors were to value each individually rather than valuing the firm one whole, they would have different a value in total. Economic Value Added (EVA) is the method of determining the value of a firm through calculating its value produced after return of capital invested and the cost of operation (Grant, 2003). Because of this when investors value each individual division as opposed to averaging the profits of each division and calculating the value firm of collectively, they would at a different value of the firm. In this regard, if investors were to demarcate IBM and each division valued individually, each of the division would have a different value and if these values were to be added together, they would have a higher value than the value calculated in a combination. Rationale Every firm intends to get the best and highest valuation, just like they want to make the highest profits. This is why it is necessary for a firm to find the best way to improve its value. The value of an organization can also be theoretical. One theoretical method of a valuing a firm is the EVA method and has been used in several firms. Warren Buffet showed that investors value a firm differently if the firm has different divisions with different values. By separating the less valuable parts of the business from the more valuable parts of the firm, it is possible to help the investors in a different light (Grant, 2003). Eliminating the negativ e aspect of the firm By separating the firm into different units, the investors are able to see the firm in a better light because the negative aspects of the firm can be separated from the firm. Warren Buffet used this in Coca Cola and separated the less profitable division from the rest of the firm. This led to the investors to be willing to value the firm higher. As a result, separating the firm into units and carrying out an EVA evaluation is not just an accounting process but also a psychological process, which help in lifting away the negative aspects of the firm. In this regard, it is necessary for a firm like IBM to separate the less effective aspects of the firm to let the investors to see the better aspect of the firm. This approach is more useful to IBM than almost any other firm because of the history of the firm. As already discussed, IBM was the leader in hardware manufacturing, both for retail and corporate customers. However, as new players came into the market, it b ecame harder for the firm to deal with the competition, it has to diversify. In the modern day, IBM is no longer the giant it was in the hardware sector, but competitors such as HP and Dell have shrouded the firm. However, IBM is doing so well in its software division and it has become a leader in this new niche. However, it is very hard for investors to see this new opportunity unless and until IBM separates itself from the older IBM and to the new IBM. Until the